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Archives Volume-3, Issue-2 (July-December)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paper Title:
The Morphogenesis of Post-Political Time: Time Loop Cinema after the Berlin Wall and Rhizomic ‘Specters of Marx’
Author Name:
Subashish Bhattacharjee
Country:
India
Page No.:
1-10
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The Morphogenesis of Post-Political Time: Time Loop Cinema after the Berlin Wall and Rhizomic ‘Specters of Marx’
Author: Subashish Bhattacharjee

Although the concept of a time loop has been used in films since the 1940s, La Jetée (“The Jetty,” 1962, dir. Chris Marker) and Je t’aime, Je t’aime (“I Love You, I Love You,” 1968, dir. Alain Resnais) being notable arthouse examples, the 1990s, with the backdrop of the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Berlin Wall, produced a new wave of time loop cinema. Critical opinion of this post-evental time loop cinema has often been negative, charging post-1990s films as being decreasingly philosophical and veering more towards popular sci-fi, following the tracks of ‘kitschy’ works such as the Back to the Future film franchise. However, the time loop cinema in its transition into the new millennium has portrayed a consistent regard for specific politicisation of the very symbols and metaphors that were predominantly viewed as benign aesthetic principles. Developing from the basic principle of a Nietzschean ‘eternal return’ (“time is a flat circle”), which itself is a development from Indian philosophies of time, and the gradual philosophical progression of the concept of time through Poincaré and Bergson to Deleuze, time loop cinema can be viewed as a projection of the principle of ‘difference and repetition.’ Modern time loop cinema is framed close to the Novikov self-consistency principle1 — either in support of the principle or to refute the concept of time paradoxes. However, more than the establishment or refutation of a scientific principle, time loop cinema in its postmodern, popular iteration has been political in its aspirations and presentations.

Paper Title:
Cinematizing the ‘Bard’ for Indian Classrooms
Author Name:
Cinematizing the ‘Bard’ for Indian Classrooms
Country:
India
Page No.:
11-16
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Cinematizing the ‘Bard’ for Indian Classrooms
Author: Cinematizing the ‘Bard’ for Indian Classrooms

India of the twenty first century has seen tremendous developments in the field of technology used in various sectors through different digital techniques, be it the industry, commerce, etc. Even the education sector has also been digitalised. The new technologies used while teaching are projector, DVD, PPT, etc. The innovative methods are being explored by the teachers having cognitive thinking. These innovative methods include exhaustive use of the technological devices available to them and when it comes to teaching English, which is considered a foreign language, the digitalisation of teaching becomes handy for the teacher as well as for the students. English literature teaching is considered a challenging task and when a teacher is assigned to teach Drama and Fiction to the undergraduate classes, it becomes difficult for the teacher to make the students read the complete text of Drama and/or Novel. If the student does not read or have the exact idea of the whole text, the charm of the story will be lost and the message conveyed by the writer will also not be interpreted the way he desired. The famous writers like the Bard ‘Shakespeare’, G.B. Shaw, Earnest Hemmingway, and many others are deceptively simple. Moreover, the students nowadays have become tech-savvy and they have less interest in the conventional teaching methods. So, to make them interested in their studies and to educate them, it is requisite to use the devices they are well versed with, and one such medium can be the Bollywood movies based on famous English novels and plays. The main focus of the study is to explore how useful and successful this method has been with special reference to the Bollywood movies based on Shakespearean plays.

Paper Title:
Fashion, Lifestyle, and Sexuality: Fifty Shades of Grey as an extensive anti-feminist text
Author Name:
Jobin Thomas
Country:
India
Page No.:
17-21
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Fashion, Lifestyle, and Sexuality: Fifty Shades of Grey as an extensive anti-feminist text
Author: Jobin Thomas

Fifty Shades of Grey published in 2011 has seen an epoch making success with two sequels of equal to less achievement published, and the first book already becoming a blockbuster movie. Written by British novelist Erika Mitchell alias E. L. James and movie version directed by Sam Taylor-Johnson, Fifty Shades of Grey is still a debatable topic because of its influence in popular culture. Even amidst bans and censorships, both the print version and the movie became popular, reaching to millions. The work in concern can be effortlessly criticized for propagating and naturalizing BDSM (Bondage and Disciple, Dominance and Submission, Sadism and Masochism) culture, but a larger apprehension is about the portrayal of women. Even though the author is a woman, majority of positive reviewers are women, and the author herself projects the book as a celebration of sexual freedom for women, the extent to which women are demeaned in the very traditional way should be analyzed. This will bring into light the fact that the book is not at all a manifesto of sexual expression for women but a script filled with evidences to show that the author herself is not free from patriarchal influence. The stereotypical representations of women as attracted to lavishness, riches, and strength is reinforced in the novel.

Paper Title:
Techno-biology: The Place of the Human in the Machinic Space
Author Name:
Neha Soi
Country:
India
Page No.:
22-26
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Techno-biology: The Place of the Human in the Machinic Space
Author: Neha Soi

One of the greatest preoccupations of mankind has been the development of machines or mechanized systems which can aid, and eventually substitute human effort. Even mythologies offer instances of episodes like the building of Noah’s ark to assist in the preservation of the world as it is. The Roman abacus, which dates back to 2400 BC, the Antikythera mechanism, discovered in the wreckage near Greece, belonging to 150-100 BC, the astrolabe of the 1st or 2nd century BC, all point towards the earliest efforts of human beings to create machines which can complete tasks with accuracy and intelligence.
Intelligence, which was an essential feature marking distinction between animals and homo sapiens, has been constantly reproduced mechanically and artificially. Emulating God, human beings have constantly been involved with the task of creating intelligence. Just as man was created in the image of God, devices have been developed in the image of Man. With reference to the posthumanist (and subsequently transhumanist) ideologies, the current paper attempts to find the place of the human being within the paradigm of the internet revolution and the development of the so-perceived human-substituting computational devices.

Paper Title:
The Language and Speech Community in Maila Anchal: A Sociolinguistic Analysis
Author Name:
Krishna Kumar Paswan
Country:
India
Page No.:
27-30
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The Language and Speech Community in Maila Anchal: A Sociolinguistic Analysis
Author: Krishna Kumar Paswan

Maila Anchal is one of the most popular and at the same time controversial regional novels in Hindi. The main reason for the controversy is the diversity in the language use. The readers experience a real challenge in understanding the novel due to the diversity in the language use. Many speech communities in Hindi also find it difficult to understand the language used in this novel. It is due to this reason that some critics (Madhuresh 9) have certain objections in considering this novel as a part of the mainstream canonical Hindi literature. But is this objection valid? There have been lot of discussions regarding this matter from the literary point of view. The current research attempts a sociolinguistic reading and understanding of the language-related problems of Maila Anchal. The focus of this paper is on the speech communities in Maila Anchal. ‘Idiolect’ and ‘Sociolect’ are used as tools for analysing and understanding the language of the various social communities in the novel.

Paper Title:
Literary Cartography and Architecture
Author Name:
Surya Kiran
Country:
India
Page No.:
31-35
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Literary Cartography and Architecture
Author: Surya Kiran

“Spatial images are the dreams of society. Wherever the hieroglyphics of any spatial image are deciphered, there the basis of social reality presents itself” (Kracauer 57). ‘A man’s life and character formations are influenced largely by his surrounding environment’ is a perception accepted in almost all academic circles and philosophical thoughts and hence substantiating Kracauer’s statement would not be a tough task. However, the phrase ‘spatial image,’ in the given context, demands a detailed analysis. The spatial images associated with the environment are in plenty but to understand the human predicament better, one should be analysing the spatial images that are beyond the ones provided by nature. The role of architecture in deciphering and expanding concepts like non-lieux and ‘third space’ is critical. This paper is an attempt to analyse the possibilities and necessities of employing architecture as a key locus in spatiality studies, especially in studies that focus upon literary cartography.

Paper Title:
Body and Essence: Gender as camouflage in Jeanette Winterson’s novel The Passion
Author Name:
Surinder Kaur
Country:
India
Page No.:
36-41
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Body and Essence: Gender as camouflage in Jeanette Winterson’s novel The Passion
Author: Surinder Kaur

Michel Foucault argues in The History of Sexuality that “our bodies are trained, shaped and impressed with the stamp of prevailing historical forms of selfhood, desire, masculinity and femininity” (166). Bodies are controlled, supervised, and continuously molded to fit within the constraints of heterosexuality. Gender is considered as the natural part of the body. A male body behaves differently from female body. The approved roles, behaviours, actions, and features that are considered right for male and female bodies are called gender roles: masculine for males and feminine for females. While the ideals of physical beauty and size keep on changing, the notions of masculinity and femininity are constant. Traditional gender roles cast men as rational, strong, protective, and decisive; whereas women are cast as emotional (irrational), weak, nurturing, and submissive (Tyson 85). Body adhering to the prevalent social and cultural norms of masculine and feminine is regarded as an ideal body. Hence, an ideal female is feminine i.e. when outer appearance (slim and curvy body for females; strong and muscled for males) matches the inner nature (emotionality, submissiveness, and dependency as female features; rationality, authority, and boldness as male). Feminist critics have challenged this natural link between sex and gender. Delphy, a French materialist feminist, quotes Ann Oakley’s following definition from Sex, Gender and Society published in 1972, to clear the differences:

Paper Title:
Scripting Resistance through ‘Body’ to decenter “gendered” Subaltern: A study of Mahasweta Devi’s “Draupadi”
Author Name:
Prasenjit Panda
Country:
India
Page No.:
42-46
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Scripting Resistance through ‘Body’ to decenter “gendered” Subaltern: A study of Mahasweta Devi’s “Draupadi”
Author: Prasenjit Panda

Mahasweta Devi, through her short stories, showcases the long suppressed voices of the marginalized. Her writings are the truthful portrayal of the brutal oppression of the tribal people and the untouchables by the upper-class landlords, money-lenders, and government officers. Devi, in her short story “Draupadi,” rewrites the myth of ‘disrobing Draupadi’ of Mahabharata in the present day context, where Draupadi becomes Dopdi Mejhen- a Santhal Naxal activist voicing against her double marginalization by virtue of her caste and gender. Devi’s Dopdi, like Gramsci’s “organic intellectual,” tries to give voice against the atrocities and oppression of the authority. Subverting the pretensions of welfare nationalism, Devi’s work focuses on the gap or void in Indian feminism and dalit activism as neither of them has addressed the concerns of the tribal women. Like “Choli ke Peeche,” Devi’s “Draupadi” also portrays the dichotomy existing between modernization of state and restricted subaltern existence. She addresses how mainstream hegemonic power structure of patriarchal society as well as welfare state protects itself through cruel and vicious ‘othering’ of those on the margins. Devi says in her introduction to Five Plays,

Paper Title:
Spinsterhood: A Reflection on Margaret Laurence’s A Jest of God
Author Name:
Mithu Dusad
Country:
India
Page No.:
47-51
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Spinsterhood: A Reflection on Margaret Laurence’s A Jest of God
Author: Mithu Dusad

Human experience, for centuries, has been synonymous with the masculine experience with the result that the collective image of humanity has been one-sided and incomplete. Woman has not been defined as subject in her own right but merely as an entity that concerns man either in his real life or in his fantasy. Systematic subject-deprivation of woman has been a fact as much as in life as in literature. However, in literature different tools have been used to analyse various issues which may be consciously or unconsciously dealt by the authors in their texts; Feminism being one of them. In other words, Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economic situation. As a social movement, feminism largely focuses on limiting or eradicating gender inequality and promoting women’s rights, interests, and issues in society. Within academia, feminists focus on documenting gender inequality and changes in the social position and representation of women. Others argue that gender, and even sex is a social construct, and aim at researching the construction of gender and sexuality, and developing alternate models for studying social relations.

Paper Title:
Imtiaz Dharker’s “Purdah”: Unveiling Womanhood and Understanding of the Self
Author Name:
Archana Srivastva
Country:
India
Page No.:
52-56
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Imtiaz Dharker’s “Purdah”: Unveiling Womanhood and Understanding of the Self
Author: Archana Srivastva

When we look at Indian culture and its history, the shadow of the colonial impact still lingers. The stain runs so deep that we seem to have absorbed and embraced the colonial values and mindset as our own. For many decades, women would knock around in the dark, like blind, unable to see, and therefore, unable to drink from rivers that run in our own backyards. Modernization, education, urbanization, and similar factors helped women to break free from these shackles and find their true calling in life. Poetry in English by women writers is part of the transformation and reconstruction of Indian society, including its participation in a global system of education and economics, which has replaced the older colonial and imperial networks.
Another issue taken over by modern society is how the term ‘traditional’ is often taken as a disguise for gaining or maintaining power over women whenever faced with the liberating effects of democracy, education, and urbanization. According to traditionalists, ‘Sita’ should be the model for women, but there are many versions of the Ramayana some of which are even taken as feminist. Traditions are what you make of them.

Paper Title:
A Voyage Within
Author Name:
Ssushmindar Cour
Country:
India
Page No.:
57-58
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A Voyage Within
Author: Ssushmindar Cour

I had a dream tonight
And the hangover still remains.
The bright firmament,
Peace, tranquility, harmony all around.
All pure and frith.
Lo! The serenity begins.

A celestial being walking with me,
Holding my hand,
Driving me towards
His own self,
Showering His benedictions.

Paper Title:
View from the Window
Author Name:
Anupam Vatsyayan
Country:
India
Page No.:
59-60
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View from the Window
Author: Anupam Vatsyayan

I look out of the window.
I see what I see.
I see what I want to see.
I see what others might not.

I look out of the window.
I see the golden leaves of autumn
floating on the waves of the west.
One leaf comes close to me.

I read the message of death embossed on it.
It flaps its wings right in my face,
waking me to the Truth.
But to my relief,

The leaf turns around,
And there I read
the word of hope,
“eternity.”

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