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Archives Volume-3, Issue-1 (January-June)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paper Title:
Combating Gender Violence by Shifting the Focus back on Males: Approaching Dattani’s Plays Tara and Ek Alag Mausam from Masculinity Studies Perspective
Author Name:
Arif Ahammed
Country:
India
Page No.:
1-9
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Combating Gender Violence by Shifting the Focus back on Males: Approaching Dattani’s Plays Tara and Ek Alag Mausam from Masculinity Studies Perspective
Author: Arif Ahammed

All though masculinity studies framework has all the potentiality to initiate an effective discourse for combating gender violence and women emancipation as a substantiation to already existing feminist discourse, the critics/scholars have not considerably used it, especially in the context of Indians English writings. This paper aims at analyzing the main male characters of Mahesh Dattani’s two plays Tara and Ek Alag Mausam (screenplay) by using the framework of masculinity studies to discuss how, in stead of fitting themselves into the orbit of hegemonic masculinity, these characters reflect the traits of more inclusive alternative masculinity thereby elucidating Dattani’s noble attempt to destabilize and subvert the domination of violent and aggressive hegemonic masculinity.
Keywords: masculinity studies, gender violence, emancipation, hegemonic, alternative, inclusive.

Paper Title:
A Study on the Language Needs of Student Teachers
Author Name:
T. Pushpanathan
Country:
India
Page No.:
10-14
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A Study on the Language Needs of Student Teachers
Author: T. Pushpanathan

Due to the advent of globalisation, communication skills have become crucial for many professions and teaching is not an exception. Teachers communicate with students, parents, colleagues and administrators every day. Teachers need greater clarity of thought to present the material. They should be able to break down complex ideas into simpler parts and smaller steps to deliver to their students. They must be able to adapt their methods of communication to all students, regardless of ability or learning style. They are able to read their students and adapt to the needs of the individual. Effective communication involves transforming drilling interesting and has good presentation skills. Although training is often provided in isolation of a classroom without the presence of other adults, good teaching includes consultation with colleagues. Schools see themselves as professional learning communities encourage teachers to plan lessons together and learn from each other. They take a team approach to solving problems, especially for difficult students. This requires excellent communication. Teachers remain abreast of new trends in education by reading magazines, listening to new ideas from their administrators and school board consultants, and share and discuss these ideas with colleagues.
Hence, this research article aims to identify the language needs of the student teachers studying at Education colleges and hierarchically arrange the identified competencies in terms of their importance for their academic purposes and future profession as well.
Key words: language needs, student teachers, needs analysis, hierarchy, competencies.

Paper Title:
The Growth of Eco consciousness for a New World
Author Name:
Girija Menon
Country:
India
Page No.:
15-17
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The Growth of Eco consciousness for a New World
Author: Girija Menon

The late twentieth century and early twenty first century have witnessed an extraordinary flowering of beautiful and profound environmental writing from throughout the world, and particularly from North America. All ecocritics have expressed the need to plumb the depths of a world beyond ourselves. Man is incapable of being totally ecocentric or absolutely empathetic even with his own kind, but he must keep trying. It should be the goal of what environmental philosophers now call enlightened anthropocentrism which is “a more realistic form of environmental ethics”.
Alison Hawthorne Deming in her 2014 book, “Zoologies: On Animals and the Human Spirit” reflects in essay after essay on the meaning she derives from ideas of and encounters with the animal world – the world that simply “teems and steams with the shared breath of creatures”. In all her works these is a psychological and spiritual hunger to understand her “continuity and connection” with the planet’s many forces, including the life energies of other entities that are not human. Deming offers the following quotation from a 1906 talk by William James : “The blindness in human beings is the blindness with which we all are afflicted in regard to the feelings of creatures and people different from ourselves.”

Paper Title:
Indian Symbols in T.S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land” and “Four Quartets”
Author Name:
Parkash Verma
Country:
India
Page No.:
18-21
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Indian Symbols in T.S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land” and “Four Quartets”
Author: Parkash Verma

The modern literature especially the works of T.S. Eliot is a product of intellectual cross – i.e breeding of various forms and kinds and covers a vast arena of modern life. It mirrors dilemmatic state of two worlds -the old and the new; the pre-war and the post -war period and the breakdown of the First World War that created complete disillusionment and disintegration and introduced harsh materialism which annihilated moral and spiritual values. This chaos and degradation of values heavily influenced T.S. Eliot. Vikramaditya Rai comments: "Eliot with his high charged microscopic insight portrays the graphic picture of a despaired generation, the smell of war ridden soil, a state of psychological insurgency and the monotony and futility of modern civilization and they are the images of imperial catastrophe".

Paper Title:
Diasporic Literary Worlds of Three Authors: Bharati Mukherjee, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni and Jhumpa Lahiri
Author Name:
Subrata Kumar Das
Country:
India
Page No.:
22-34
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Diasporic Literary Worlds of Three Authors: Bharati Mukherjee, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni and Jhumpa Lahiri
Author: Subrata Kumar Das

I have lived that moment of the scattering of the people that in other times and other places, in the nations of others, becomes a time of gathering. Gathering of exiles and émigrés and refugees […]. Also the gathering of the people in the diaspora: indentured, migrant, interned; the gathering of incriminatory statistics, educational performance, legal statutes, immigration status—the genealogy of that lonely figure that John Berger named the seventh man.

Paper Title:
Diasporic Literature: Questioning the Issues of Identity
Author Name:
Gurpreet Kaur
Country:
India
Page No.:
35-39
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Diasporic Literature: Questioning the Issues of Identity
Author: Gurpreet Kaur

Literature is abundant with various forms of dislocations, such as exile, diaspora and migration in the context of Post-colonialism. Basically, Diaspora is a minority community living in exile. Diasporic literature can be said to be an idea of a homeland, a place from where the displacement occurs and narratives of harsh journeys are undertaken on account of economic compulsions. Some scholars conceive of diaspora as an identified group characterized by specific social relationships despite their dispersal. Under the generalized rubric of Diasporas, this paper will engage its readers with some selected writings of Indo- Canadian diasporic writers like, Neil Bissoondath, Rohinton Mistry, Uma Parameswaran, and M. G. Vassanji. The purpose of this paper is to give an account of not only how Diasporas consider themselves but in how their identity is created, defined and recorded. The manifold challenges that the Indian diaspora faces is evident through the enormous amount of literature that comes from them. These writers through their works are presenting their ‘an out of India or away from India experience’

Paper Title:
Theme of Darkness in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness
Author Name:
Rajinder Kaur Saggu
Country:
India
Page No.:
40-44
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Theme of Darkness in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness
Author: Rajinder Kaur Saggu

Darkness is a major theme in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. It is the central motif and serves as a pivot around which the whole novel revolves. Darkness is the central image and all the other images in the novel contribute to the development of it. In the larger frame-work of the novel, Darkness is an image and a symbol as well as the total effect. Darkness at multiple levels such as physical, political, moral and psychological, has been dealt with in the novel. The images, when studied along with these various levels of darkness, help us understand the meaning and implications of darkness.
The novel is in the form of a journey that Marlow undertakes to the dark centre of Africa, the heart of darkness. In the beginning, we have five men cruising on Thames river. It is the time of dusk and gets darker and darker as the story progresses and time lapses.

Paper Title:
Social Evaluation of Cry, the Peacock (Anita Desai)
Author Name:
Binita Jhanji
Country:
India
Page No.:
45-47
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Social Evaluation of Cry, the Peacock (Anita Desai)
Author: Binita Jhanji

There has been a general feeling that Anita Desai (Born 1937) has not taken the theme of social criticism so seriously, as she is a psychological novelist. It is true, social criticism has not been her major concern and therefore she is not an overt critic of society. And yet if her novels are studies closely it becomes clear that it has a very clear idea the historical moment and she knows quite well the social milieu in which she fashions her fiction. She focuses consciously, sometimes too narrowly, on the feelings of a feminine self, but she does not ignore the role of the social context that creates that situation.
While attempting social criticism, a novelist has to create a situation of conflict between the protagonist and the social environment. Mrs. Desai has chosen the life of metropolitan towns as the foreground and the rural experiences as the background of her novels.

Paper Title:
Dying To Be Me: My Journey from Cancer, To Near Death, To True Healing
Author Name:
Anupam Vatsyayan
Country:
India
Page No.:
48-54
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Dying To Be Me: My Journey from Cancer, To Near Death, To True Healing
Author: Anupam Vatsyayan

The biggest fear of all humans is death. Death has been seen as synonymous to “the end,” or “closure,” which implies the conclusion of a beautiful life and also the corollary sensory perceptions. It is seen as an enemy, an impostor who disrupts the mental peace, destroys the smooth pattern of everyday schedule and jolts us out of a (delusional) existence of being in command of our own course of life. However, when Anita Moorjani declares “dying to be me,” we are forced to sit up and take notice of the other side of the coin, in this case, death. Can there be a positive side to death? Can “it” lead to anything even remotely constructive? How can the fear of death be mastered? Is it even possible? Which new house will I live in after I die? What will happen to “me” or my “self?” Moorjani, by sharing her own experience through her book, has made an attempt to dissipate such fears and resolve similar questions. The title of her book propounds the idea that death can result in the discovery of the “self,” which otherwise loses its identity during life. It sounds paradoxical but has been proven to be somewhat true in the case study of/by Anita Moorjani.

Paper Title:
Of Religious and Ethical Assimilation in Sri Lankan-Canadian Writers: A Reading of Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost and Selvadurai’s The Hungry Ghosts
Author Name:
Aparna Nandha, Milind Brahme
Country:
India
Page No.:
55-64
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Of Religious and Ethical Assimilation in Sri Lankan-Canadian Writers: A Reading of Ondaatje’s Anil’s Ghost and Selvadurai’s The Hungry Ghosts
Author: Aparna Nandha, Milind Brahme

Religion and Ethics are topics that are eluded in the context of South Asian migration. While on the surface they seem unimportant, these are discourses that dictate our sense of what is right and wrong. This paper will attempt to probe into the religious and ethical consciousness of two Sri Lankan-Canadian mainstream writers—Michael Ondaatje and Shyam Selvadurai—by deconstructing their fictional works in the post-civil war context. Both the novels under consideration—Anil’s Ghost and the Hungry Ghosts, tell tales about Sri Lankan diaspora. This paper will investigate the assimilation of Sri Lankan migrants into a foreign country with special reference to their religious and ethical standpoints. This investigation tries to iterate the role of religion in constructing the identity of a person and might open up avenues for further research in this line
Key words: religion; ethics; assimilation; migration; Ondaatje; Selvadurai

Paper Title:
Teaching Grammar to Adult Arab Learners: An Empirical Study
Author Name:
Madhu Sudhan Rao Munagala
Country:
India
Page No.:
65-70
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Teaching Grammar to Adult Arab Learners: An Empirical Study
Author: Madhu Sudhan Rao Munagala

The kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the richest and biggest nation in the Middle East. The researcher has been working at college of business administration in Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj since 2014. Every year, three hundred students approximately take admission to pursue business administration course in the college. The researcher teaches grammar course. The students’ lives are closely associated with cars, mobiles and football. They accept the discussion when it is closely associated to their lives; otherwise most of them switch off themselves. In this regard, he decided to change his teaching strategies that would be friendly to them and got support from them. The researcher used inductive approach in his classroom to teach grammar to the students. Contextual examples, kinesics, online practice tests, Google images, and objects around him supported him. Inductive approach to teach English to these learners yielded a positive result.
Key words: grammar, inductive approach

Paper Title:
Reading Cormac McCarthy’s The Road
Author Name:
Prabhleen Toor
Country:
India
Page No.:
71-76
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Reading Cormac McCarthy’s The Road
Author: Prabhleen Toor

The post-human discourse is an ongoing process of different standpoints and movements, which has flourished as a result of the contemporary attempt to redefine the human condition. Post-humanism, transhumanism, anti-humanism and the post-humanities offer significant ways to rethink possible existential outcomes. Transhumanism offers a very rich debate on the impact of technological and scientific developments in the evolution of the human species; and still it holds a humanistic and human-centric perspective which weakens its standpoint: it is a ‘humanity plus’ movement whose aim is to elevate the human condition. On the contrary, speciesism has become an integral part of the post-humanist approach, formulated on a post-anthropocentric and post-humanistic episteme, based on decentralized and non-hierarchical modes. Although post-humanism investigates the realms of science and technology, it does not recognize them as its main axis of reflection, nor does it limit itself to their technical endeavours, but it expands its reflection to the technologies of existence.

Paper Title:
Political becomes Personal: Disable Kitamura in Philip Kan Gotanda’s Day standing on its Head
Author Name:
Auritra Munshi
Country:
India
Page No.:
77-82
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Political becomes Personal: Disable Kitamura in Philip Kan Gotanda’s Day standing on its Head
Author: Auritra Munshi

The present paper aims at exploring Philip Kan Gotanda’s hero Kitamura’s inclination to evoke the Asian American movement of 1960s by composing a paper on it which problematizes his identity. He is straddling between ethnic and mainstream culture. His self has been splintered into two halves –Id and Ego. Kitamura’s ego is being constructed by the core American culture where he has a social prestige being a law professor and he seeks to retain it adhering to the symbolic order. On the other hand the lack which he has to come across is the lack or absence of the student movement in which he was a participant and it leads him to return to his unconscious state or Id where he wants to be the part of it and also tries to repress it with a view to negotiating with mainstream American culture. However, the allegation by Sam belonging to his own Asian American Community regarding Kitamura’s wearing of the mask of the middleclass American makes him enervated, distanced from his life and yields to him paranoid stature. This is how political becomes personal that can be felt in the act of his repression and expression that invariably debilitates his personality, though the play ends with regaining of his ability tinged with a bit of optimism.
Key Words: Asian American movement, model minority, psychoanalysis, alienation, [dis]ability

Paper Title:
The Hairy Ape as a Critique of American Capitalism
Author Name:
Gagneet Gill
Country:
India
Page No.:
83-86
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The Hairy Ape as a Critique of American Capitalism
Author: Gagneet Gill

Literature has been called a mirror to the society. Wherever there are human beings, there is literature. Literature is the record of events in the human history. It is people’s experiences and impressions of the life. Literature can be in any form such as letters, diaries, novel, plays, poems, pamphlets and essays etc.
American literature began with the first colonies of Virginia and New England. The colonist from these countries brought with them the literary wealth of their countries. A number of American writers were English migrants who began writing in 16th century. Though American literature is a large and important part of English literature, but still too little of it is known on the European side of Atlantic. During the last 30 years of the 18th century, Americans began writing about their government. The one contemporary figure, who contributed a lot to the cause of Americanism was Benjamin Franklin (1706-90). He embodied the “American idea” and practiced a simple life.

Paper Title:
The Comic Kaleidoscope: Untying the comic knots of Bhranti Bilas and The Comedy of Errors beyond cultural and generic boundaries.
Author Name:
Ritushree Sengupta
Country:
India
Page No.:
87-92
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The Comic Kaleidoscope: Untying the comic knots of Bhranti Bilas and The Comedy of Errors beyond cultural and generic boundaries.
Author: Ritushree Sengupta

Macaulay’s Education act of 1835 was contrived to create a section of Brown Sahibs to assist the British Empire born out of a culture in which Shakespeare was invincible. Since the foundation of the Calcutta Theatre in 1775, Bengal saw the rise of “bhadraloks” appreciating Shakespearean works and giving them their share of recognition. It further resulted into a creation of a number of indigenous texts which quite powerfully posited the Shakespearean texts into totally different socio-cultural contexts, at times remaining faithful to the plot while at times craftily diverting from it. One of such texts is Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar’s Bhranti Bilas (1869), which has a plot very close to that of Shakespeare’s The Comedy of Errors and one might accurately consider it to be the first “translation” of Shakespeare into Bengali. Vidyasagar’s text finely deals with the plot keeping it almost the same but transforms its dramatic form into a story. Interestingly, this text is further adapted into a play in 1888 and into a commercial film in 1963 directed by Manu Sen.

Paper Title:
Textual Politics of Shabd: The Absent Presence of the Author'
Author Name:
Madhulika Sah
Country:
India
Page No.:
93-98
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Textual Politics of Shabd: The Absent Presence of the Author'
Author: Madhulika Sah

Traditionally, the author had been referred to as the creator, a friend, philosopher and a guide to the readers. Perhaps at times, the author also assumed the role of a god, who controlled the activities, existence and the destiny of his/ her characters in the text. To name a few, Victorian novelist like Thomas Hardy, Jane Austen, George Elliot, Emily Bronte and dramatists like Shakespeare, Marlowe, John Webster and others harped on the theme of moral justice and Character is Destiny, where the wrong doers were punished at the end of the story and the good won over evil. This led to the spectators’ sense of psychic satisfaction as order and calmness restored at the end of the text through a process of purgation or catharsis as termed by Aristotle in Greek and Elizabethan revenge tradition. This restoration of order and moral sense of justice was controlled and manipulated by the writer’s temperament and the audience’s general reaction. Therefore the meaning of the text thus emerged was influential and not natural by any means. This unlimited ‘power of the authors’ was put into question by the post-modernist and post- structuralist critics like Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault and Stanley Fish. They found the word ‘author’ problematic in a number of ways. The conventional role of the ‘author’ suffered a major setback in the hands of the contemporary critics. The god-like figure was transformed into a non-existent entity, whose participation in the text, created by him zeroed down to a mere ‘writer’ only, who had no role in framing the meaning of his creation. Thus, the narratorial voice, which earlier attributed the meaning of the text, because of his / her cultural background, has no role to play in the modern times. It is only the interaction between the text and the reader through which the meaning of the text evolves.
KEYWORDS
Post-modernist; post-structuralist; construction; auteur; writer; narrator.

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