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Archives Volume-1, Issue-1 (January-June)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paper Title:
Element of Guilt and Redemption in Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner
Author Name:
Manjit Kaur Ghuman
Country:
India
Page No.:
1-4
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Element of Guilt and Redemption in Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner
Author: Manjit Kaur Ghuman

Khaled Hosseini, the Afghan born American novelist and physician is a compassionate storyteller. As a child, he read a great deal of Persian poetry as well as Persian translations of novels ranging from Alice in Wonderland to Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer Series. His precious childhood memories of Afghanistan during the pre-Soviet era and his personal experiences with the Hazara people of Afghanistan led to the writing of his first novel The Kite Runner. The novel captured contemporary and historical themes depicting the skill of Hosseini in character study. It is a political chronicle as well as a deeply personal tale. The Kite Runner is a beautifully told story of two boys growing up in Kabul during the final days of monarchy in Afghanistan and the first days of the shortlived republic. Despite being in the same household and having shared the same wet nurse, Amir and Hassan grow up in different worlds. Amir is the son of a prominent wealthy man, a Pashtun, whereas Hassan, the son of Ali, Amir's father's servant is a Hazara, a member of a shunned ethnic minority. Their fates and their intertwined lives reflect the tragedy in the world around them .When the Russians invade Afghanistan, Amir and his father flee for a new life in America. Amir thinks he has escaped his past yet he cannot leave the memory of Hassan behind him.

Paper Title:
Psychological Approach To Conrad’s Heart Of Darkness
Author Name:
Rajinder Kaur Saggu
Country:
India
Page No.:
5-8
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Psychological Approach To Conrad’s Heart Of Darkness
Author: Rajinder Kaur Saggu

Heart of Darkness can be studied as a journey which is like travelling into the Freudian “Id” or the Jungian “shadow”. The two psychologists have given their theories about the complexity and working of the human mind. Normal behaviour of human being is guided only by the conscious mind which is just the surface layer of the mind.
There is a lot below the surface of which man is normally not aware. In Heart of Darkness Marlow‟s journey to Congo, the dark “centre of the earth”‟ seems to be a journey from the surface layer of the mind into the deeper layers, the dark recesses of the mind. Marlow himself says at one stage during his journey, “The mind of man is capable of anything- because everything is in it, all the past as well as the future.”
According to Freud‟s theory of psychoanalysis, the individual‟s behaviour is assumed to result from the interaction of three key sub-systems within the personality: the Id, ego and super-ego. The id is the source of instinctual drives which are considered to be of two types:a) constructive drives, primarily of a sexual nature, (b) destructive drives which tend towards aggression, destruction, and eventual death. Thus life, or constructive instincts are opposed by death, or destructive instincts. Freud, however, used the term sex in a broad sense to refer to almost everything pleasurable; from eating to creativity. The id is completely selfish, concerned only with the immediate gratification of instinctual needs without reference to reality or moral considerations. Hence it is said to operate in terms of the pleasure principle. (Coleman 55)

Paper Title:
Analyzing Oppression in Beatrice Culleton’s In Search of April Raintree
Author Name:
Chandip Kaur
Country:
India
Page No.:
9-11
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Analyzing Oppression in Beatrice Culleton’s In Search of April Raintree
Author: Chandip Kaur

Society is characterized by huge diversity such as class, race, age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, culture and language. No doubt, the root of oppression is ingrained in this diversity especially people’s reaction towards this diversity yet the dominant social group never accepts the fact that the various stages of authority and subjugation survive beneath their way of systematizing society, particularly the minority groups that are inseparable part of society. According to Oxford Dictionary oppression means, “Prolonged cruel or unjust treatment or exercise of authority or the state of being subject to oppressive treatment”.
Oppression is one of the various types of injustices in the world. It harasses people on the basis of their race, religion, ethnicity, gender and social status. It means to make others less human, to dehumanize them and above all to keep them down in every possible way. The powerful people oppress less powerful people in brutal and inequitable ways. It gives rise to injustice in all walks of life for the oppressed class. It confines the subjugated group in such a way that it seems as if all roads are blocked for them. Paulo Frier in Pedagogy of the oppressed says, "Dehumanization, although a concrete historical fact, is not a given destiny but the result of an unjust order that engenders violence in the oppressors, which in turn dehumanizes the oppressed" (ch-1). It is clear that oppression is not an outcome of one factor. Most importantly it has many faces as it operates on many levels like individual, institutional and cultural level.

Paper Title:
Imagery in the “Bog Poems” of Seamus Heaney
Author Name:
Karmjit Kaur Virdi
Country:
India
Page No.:
12-17
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Imagery in the “Bog Poems” of Seamus Heaney
Author: Karmjit Kaur Virdi

Living in the entrenched and complex system of colonization, the writers of Ireland had to face one big truth: that they couldn‟t tell anything outright as they had to face the communist censorship. So the “[p]oems had to work implicitly: not spell things out but slide under the censor‟s eye, „say the unsaid‟ to readers desperate to hear their truth, while pretending it hadn‟t been said.”1 The blood-soaked and pain-drenched history of the nation impelled its poets to make use of symbols, motifs and images to verbalize those ideas and feelings which were not allowed to be expressed directly through statements. Thus, responding to the political, religious and social conflict that persists even today, particularly in the Protestant controlled North, the writers endeavour hard to fulfill their poetic responsibility by deploying “strategies of silence, secrecy, private reference, and tribal shibboleth rather than „blabb[ing] out.
Following the legacy of Samuel Ferguson, Clarence Mangan and W.B. Yeats, poets such as Seamus
Deane, James Simmons, Seamus Heaney, Derek Mahon and Paul Muldoon have continued to weigh and
scrutinize the relationship between art and life, and art and politics. Realising and recognizing their
artistic responsibility, they use their work to convey their experiences and refer to classical paintings,
bog lands, historical backgrounds and Irish legends to depict and illuminate the contemporary

Paper Title:
The Humanistic Vision Of Amitav Ghosh as seen in The Circle of Reason.
Author Name:
Girija Menon
Country:
India
Page No.:
18-21
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The Humanistic Vision Of Amitav Ghosh as seen in The Circle of Reason.
Author: Girija Menon

Designed from Latin „humanus‟ meaning relating to man, humanism is an intellectual movement which characterized the Renaissance civilization. It considered the world a legitimate object of interest and tended to place reason above revelation. It further emphasized the value of education and held that the goal of education was a well balanced individual with all his capabilities fully developed. The language and literature of ancient Greece and Rome, occupied a central position in the thinking of the humanists, not because of any antiquarian interest, but because the literary products of these civilizations exemplified the ideals of humanism, best. In its vaster sense, humanism stood for exalting man‟s relationship to God and his free will, and his superiority over nature. Philosophically, humanism made man the measure of all things, a point of view expressed marvellously by Shakespeare in Hamlet

Paper Title:
New Historicism
Author Name:
Reetinder Joshi
Country:
India
Page No.:
22-24
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New Historicism
Author: Reetinder Joshi

New Historicism is a method of criticism to interpret a literary work of art, which takes its form as a reaction against New Criticism just as New Criticism came into being as a reaction against historical and biographical methods of literary criticism. For new critics, a literary text is an autonomous entity. They doubt history and concentrate on form . New Historicists believe that a literary work is the product of the time, place, and circumstances of its composition. Moreover, they argue that literary texts cannot be read and understood in isolation. They emphasize that literary texts must be read and interpreted in their biographical, social and historical contexts.
The major difference is that New Historicists tend to concentrate on those at the top of the social hierarchy (i.e. the church, the monarchy, the upper-classes) while Cultural Materialists tend to concentrate on those at the bottom of the social hierarchy (the lower-classes, women, and other marginalized peoples). The most influential figures associated with this school are Michel Foucault and Stephen Greenblatt. Foucault‘s interest in issues of power, epistemology, subjectivity, and ideology has influenced critics not only in literary studies but also political science, history, and anthropology. Foucault picked up common terms and give them new meaning, thus changing the way critics addressed such pervasive issues as "power," "discourse," "discipline," "subjectivity," "sexuality," and "government."

Paper Title:
Chaucer’s Metanarrative: The Canterbury Tales
Author Name:
Anupam Vatsyayan
Country:
India
Page No.:
25-27
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Chaucer’s Metanarrative: The Canterbury Tales
Author: Anupam Vatsyayan

For fourteenth century audience, story collection was a familiar literary genre. In fact, story-telling forms a part of our oral heritage so much so that its origin can be traced back to the very birth of culture and mythology. The two Indian epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata form not only the backbone of our mythology and religion but are also commonly considered as the oldest available prototypes of „metanarratives‟. The term „metanarrative‟ can simply be explained as „a big story‟. Technically, it has a major story at its core, which is called the „framed narrative‟ or the „linked narrative‟, which in turn, gives birth to a number of other tales and sub-tales. Owing to the story-within-a-story constitution of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, there are multiple narrators of these texts who, conversely, serve as the subjects too. These two canons of Indian narrative tradition inspired other metanarratives of the world including Kathasaritasagar, Shah-e-nama, Panchtantra, Odyssey, Arabian Nights, Aesop’s Fables and Decameron. These texts are consummate illustrations of metanarratology in having a central story which encourages further web-weaving of tales derived from oral tradition, folk-lore, myths and legends.

Paper Title:
Reconstructing Traditional Gender Roles: A Queer Reading of Abha Dawesar’s Fiction
Author Name:
Ashoo Toor
Country:
India
Page No.:
28-32
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Reconstructing Traditional Gender Roles: A Queer Reading of Abha Dawesar’s Fiction
Author: Ashoo Toor

Theory in literary criticism is being practiced under several names given to different schools and movements. Some such current theories include- Poststructuralism, Deconstruction, Feminism, Psychoanalysis, Marxism, New Historicism, Subalternism etc. All these different schools of thought are marked by the common spirit of theory, which is to problematise what has been established in life and lifetime in abstract or concrete form. With the more fashionable deconstruction in vogue in the literary academy today, it is natural to question binaries such as inside/outside, mind/body, speech/writing, presence/absence, nature/culture, form/meaning, man/woman etc. It is agreed upon that binaries are not natural and inevitable truths, and most modern theories seek to dismantle them as such.

Paper Title:
Feminism in Tennesse William’s The Glass Menagerie
Author Name:
Gagneet Pal Kaur
Country:
India
Page No.:
33-37
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Feminism in Tennesse William’s The Glass Menagerie
Author: Gagneet Pal Kaur

Feminism is concerned with the issue of the marginalization of women, i.e. with their being relegated to a secondary position. Feminists believe that our culture is a patriarchal culture i.e. the one organized in favour of the interests of men. Critic Toril Moi observes that Feminist literary criticism is not just another “critical approach on a line with a concern for sea-imagery or metaphors of war in medieval poetry”1. In short, feminism represents one of the most important social, economic and aesthetic revolutions of modern times. It is very important component of post-modernist society where people from different classes seek liberty. Feminist criticism, therefore, studies sexual, social and political issues once thought to be "outside" the study of literature. For example, some of the women writers are dissatisfied with the way women are portrayed by men as well as women. The message of the Feminists is not to submit to the patriarchal culture because it does not promote self-reliance, independence and intellect.

Paper Title:
The Confessional Hero in William Styron's Lie Down in Darkness
Author Name:
Sohan Singh
Country:
India
Page No.:
38-46
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The Confessional Hero in William Styron's Lie Down in Darkness
Author: Sohan Singh

Confession is regarded as necessary for attaining divine/social forgiveness or appeasing the burdened conscience. In the Old Testament, the Lord, God said to Amram's son, Moses: "Say to the people of Israel, when a man or a woman commits any of the sins that men commit by breaking faith with the Lord, that persons is guilty, he shall confess his sin which he has committed" (Num V.6). If in the ecclesiastical terms, it is "breaking faith with the Lord", then in the social terms it is necessitated by "breaking faith" with the society.
EncyclopediaBrittanica (Vol.6) cites another interpretation of confession- "an extra-judicial statement acknowledging guilt of an offence". The voluntary confession, in most jurisdictions, must be corroborated by other evidence before a defendant may be convicted, which can relate to the authenticity of the occurrence of the crime. It also means "self-humiliation and abusement by the acknowledgement of sin", and immediately the image presented to the mind is of a forlorn individual struggling to appease not only the deity and society but also his own conscience. Self-accusation appeases the personal and the collective conscience.

Paper Title:
Dominant Themes in Arundhati Roy’s The God Of Small Things
Author Name:
Baljeet Kaur
Country:
India
Page No.:
47-49
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Dominant Themes in Arundhati Roy’s The God Of Small Things
Author: Baljeet Kaur

Arundhati Roy is an Indian author and activist who shot into fame after winning the 1998 Booker prize for fiction for her novel, The God of Small Things. Early in her career, Roy worked for televisions and movies. She wrote the screenplay for In which Annie gives it those ones (1989) and Electric Moon (1992). The publication of The God of Small Things catapulted Roy to instant inter-national fame. The book keeps all the promises that it makes. The book is the description of how the small things in life affect people‟s behaviour and their lives.
The God of Small Things is probably, more than anything else, a novel about family. It explores the relationships between brother and sister, mother and child, grandparents and grandchildren and so on. It is set in a village of Ayemenem in Kottajam district of Kerala .The story deals with various themes like untouchability, gender discrimination, cast system, and incestuous relation.

Paper Title:
Shashi Deshpande and Indian Feminism
Author Name:
Gurkamal Kaur
Country:
India
Page No.:
50-54
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Shashi Deshpande and Indian Feminism
Author: Gurkamal Kaur

Feminism is a doctrine or movement that advocates equal rights for women. Feminism as a movement is about women living on equal terms with men and not pushed down, by law or by culture, into a subservient role. However, with development of time, feminism has been established in India, setting aside the patriarchal predomination to certain extent. Leaving aside the crusaders and activists of the social and political scenario, perhaps enormous body of work on feminism is also accomplished through Indian English literature. But prior to realizing a closer look into feminist literature in India, it is essential to understand the crucial concept of the term „feminism‟ in the context of India, beginning from its inception.

Paper Title:
Visions of Divinity In 'He And I', A Study Of Puran Singh's The Temple Tulips
Author Name:
Sushmindarjeet Kaur
Country:
India
Page No.:
55-62
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Visions of Divinity In 'He And I', A Study Of Puran Singh's The Temple Tulips
Author: Sushmindarjeet Kaur

Our idea of the poet is that of a man who can, by the mere opening of his own eyes, enable others to see the Divine, whose one glance can be our whole knowledge Whatsoever weighs down the inner self and seeks to imprison it in illusion, is foreign to the spirit of poetry. It is irreligious. True poetry must free us. There is no freedom in sorrow and renunciation however perfect. Freedom lies in the full realization of the Divine within one soul.

Paper Title:
Namdeo Dhasal : The Dalit Panther
Author Name:
Sandip Sarang
Country:
India
Page No.:
63-67
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Namdeo Dhasal : The Dalit Panther
Author: Sandip Sarang

Dalit literature essentially deals with the marginalised groups who are fundamentally devoid of their voice within the Indian society. It is marked by a spirit of protest and revolt and has undergone many ideological shifts in last few decades. The mainstream literature which caters to a sophisticated set of readers or perception has repeatedly shown its reluctance to publish the pain and the anguish of Dalit Literature. Hence every Dalit writer aims to carve a space or voice for himself/herself out of mainstream literature in order to bring to light the injustices meted on to his community. This inevitably creates a subculture within the mainstream literature, a kind of aperture for all the repressed Dalit sentiments which were shrugged off by insensitive society. But the power of literature is immense as it allows the existence and proliferation of dissenting voices to construct a parallel world for self- realisation and problematizes the dominant world view. Poets have constantly tried to publish their voices through literature and Namdeo Dhasal does it by impressively expressing himself in a unique way. Dhasal through his poetry projects the kinds of complicity, acquiescence and indifference shown by various quarters of society against the marginalised.

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